Musk's Take On All
Elon Musk has just become the richest person in the world, overtaking Amazon founder Jeff Bezos.
The Tesla and SpaceX entrepreneur's net worth has crossed $185bn (£136bn) after an increase in the share price of the electric car company.
So, what is the secret of his success? A few years back I spent almost an hour discussing exactly this with him. To mark his new milestone we decided to dust the interview off and share it with you. So here is Elon Musk's guide to success in business.
1. It isn't about the money
This is absolutely central to Elon Musk's attitude to business.
When I interviewed him in 2014 he said he didn't know how rich he was.
"It's not as if there is a pile of cash somewhere," he said. "It's really just that I have a certain number of votes in Tesla, and SpaceX, and SolarCity, and the marketplace has value on those votes."
He doesn't have anything against the pursuit of wealth "if it's done in sort of an ethical and good manner", but said it just isn't what drives him.
The approach certainly seems to be working.
The real-life inspiration for Robert Downey Jr's portrayal of Tony Stark of Iron Man fame was worth perhaps $10bn when we spoke in 2014.
His electric car company, Tesla, has performed particularly well. Shares have surged over the past year to take its value to more than $700bn. For that you could buy Ford, General Motors, BMW, Volkswagen and Fiat Chrysler, and still have enough left over to buy Ferrari.
But Musk, who turns 50 this year, doesn't expect to die rich. He said he thinks most of his money will be spent building a base on Mars, and wouldn't be surprised if the project consumed his entire fortune.
In fact, like Bill Gates, he would probably regard ending his life with billions in the bank as a mark of failure because he hadn't put that money to good use.
2. Pursue your passions
That Mars base is a clue to what Elon Musk believes is the key to success.
"You want things in the future to be better," he told me. "You want these new exciting things that make life better."
Take SpaceX. He told me he set the company up because he was frustrated the US space programme wasn't more ambitious.
"I kept expecting us to advance beyond Earth, and to put a person on Mars, and have a base on the moon, and have, you know, very frequent flights to orbit," he said.
When that didn't happen, he came up with the idea for the "Mars Oasis Mission", which aimed to send a small greenhouse to the red planet. The idea was to get people excited about space again, and persuade the US government to increase Nasa's budget.
It was while he was trying to get that off the ground he realised the problem wasn't "a lack of will, but rather a lack of way" - space technology was far more expensive than it needed to be.
Et voila! The world's cheapest rocket-launching business was born.
And here's the important thing, its genesis wasn't about making money, but landing a person on Mars.
Musk told me he regards himself as an engineer rather than an investor, and says what gets him up in the morning is the desire to solve technical problems.
It is that, rather than dollars in the bank, that is his yardstick of progress. He knows every hurdle his businesses overcome helps everyone else who's trying to solve the same problem - and it does it forever.
That's why, shortly before we met, the entrepreneur had announced he was going to open up all Tesla's patents to speed up the development of electric vehicles worldwide.
3. Don't be afraid to think big
One of the really striking things about Elon Musk's businesses is how audacious they are.
He wants to revolutionize the car industry, colonize Mars, build super-fast trains in vacuum tunnels, integrate AI into human brains and upend the solar power and battery industries.
There's a common thread here. All of his projects are the kind of futuristic fantasies you'd find in a kid's magazine in the early 1980s.
Put it like this, his tunneling business is called The Boring Company.
Musk makes no secret of the fact he was inspired by the books and movies he consumed as a kid in South Africa.
Which brings us to Musk's third business tip - don't hold back.
He believes low ambition is baked into most companies' incentive structures.
Too many companies are "incrementalist", he said. "If you're the CEO of a big company and you aim for something that's a modest improvement, and it takes longer than expected, and doesn't work out quite as well, then nobody's gonna blame you," he told me. You can say it wasn't my fault, it was the suppliers.
If you are bold, and go for a really breakthrough improvement, and it doesn't work, you're definitely going to get fired, he argues. He says this is why most companies focus on making small improvements to their existing products rather than daring to imagine completely new ones.
So, his advice is to make sure you are working on what he calls "stuff that's going to matter".
Media caption,
Musk's team implanted a chip in the brain of a pig to create a machine interface.
Two things stand out in Musk's personal hierarchy of stuff that matters.
First, he wants to accelerate the transition from fossil fuels.
Here's what the entrepreneur had to say about that: "We're drawing upon deep gas fields and deep oil fields that haven't seen the light of day since the Cambrian era. If the last time something saw light was when the most complex organism was a sponge, you really have to question whether that is a wise move."
Second, he wants to ensure the long-term survival of humanity by colonising Mars and "making life multiplanetary".
Like I say, think big.
4. Be ready to take risks
This one is obvious.
You've got to have skin in the game to do well, but Elon Musk has taken more risks than most.
By 2002 he had sold off his holdings in his first two ventures, an internet city guide called Zip2 and the online payment company PayPal. He had just entered his 30s and had almost $200m in the bank.
He says his plan was to put half his fortune into the businesses and keep the other half.
Things didn't work out like that. When I met him, he was just emerging from the darkest period of his business life.
His new companies faced all sorts of teething troubles. SpaceX's first three launches had failed, and Tesla had all manner of production problems, supply chain, and design issues.
Then the financial crisis struck.
Musk said he faced a stark choice. "I could either keep the money, then the companies are definitely going to die, or invest what I have left and maybe there is a chance."
He kept pouring in money.
At one point he was so in debt he had to borrow money from friends just to pay his living expenses, he told me.
So, did the prospect of bankruptcy frighten him?
He says it didn't: "My kids might have to go to a sort of government school. I mean big deal, I went to a government school."
5. Ignore the critics
What really shocked him - and it was clear in 2014 he was still very upset by it - was the delight many pundits and commentators took in his travels.
"The liberal schadenfreude was really quite astonishing," said Musk. "There were multiple blog sites maintaining a Tesla death watch."
I suggested people may have wanted him to fail because there's a kind of arrogance about his ambition.
He rejected that. "I think it would be arrogant if we said we were definitely going to do it, as opposed to we're aspiring to do it, and we're going to give it our best shot."
Media caption,
Meet Elon Musk, the man who inspired Robert Downey Jr's take on Iron Man
This brings us to Musk's next lesson in business success - don't listen to the critics.
He told me he didn't believe SpaceX or Tesla would ever make money when he set them up - and the truth is nor did anyone else.
But he ignored the doomsters and went ahead anyway.
Why? Remember, this is a man who judges success on the basis of the important problems he's solved, not how much money he has made.
Think how liberating that is. He isn't worried about looking stupid because his big financial bet hasn't paid off, what he cares about is pursuing important ideas.
It makes decision making much simpler because he can stay focused on what he believes really matters.
And the market seems to like what he's doing.
In October, the US investment bank Morgan Stanley valued SpaceX at $100bn.
The company has transformed the economics of space flight, but what will make Musk most proud will be how his company has reinvigorated the US space programme.
Last year his Crew Dragon rockets launched six astronauts to the International Space Station, the first such missions from US soil since the space shuttles were retired in 2011.
6. Enjoy yourself
Follow this guide and, with a bit of luck, you'll become impossibly rich and famous too. Then you can start to come out of your shell.
Elon Musk is famously a workaholic - he boasts of working 120-hour weeks to keep production of the Tesla Model 3 on track - but since we met he seems to have been enjoying himself.
Media caption,
Mr Musk was delighted with how much the test outing achieved
He has stoked controversy with defamation lawsuits, on-air dope smoking and wild outbursts on social media.
In 2018 he ran into trouble with the US financial regulator when he tweeted that he was planning to take Tesla private, and when the Covid-19 pandemic forced Tesla to shut down production at its San Francisco Bay Area factory, he became a vocal opponent of coronavirus lockdown restrictions.
He called panic over the virus "dumb" on Twitter, and described stay-at-home orders as "forcible imprisonment", saying they were "fascist" and a breach of constitutional rights.
In the summer he announced plans to sell off his physical possessions saying they "weigh you down".
Days later he took to Twitter to tell the world his newborn son would be called X Æ A-12 Musk.
Yet his unpredictable behavior doesn't seem to have affected his businesses, and the entrepreneur remains as ambitious as ever.
In September, Musk claimed Tesla would have a "compelling" $25,000 car within three years, and said soon all the company's new cars would be completely self-driving.
And his year ended with a real bang in December, when SpaceX tested its Starship launch vehicle, which it hopes will take the first humans to Mars.
The giant rocket exploded when it crash landed six minutes after lift-off.